Fundamentals of Hydrocarbons: Structure, Properties, and Reactions

Introduction

Hydrocarbons form the foundation of organic chemistry, consisting exclusively of carbon and hydrogen atoms. These molecules are essential to understanding both natural processes and industrial applications, from the fuel in our vehicles to the plastics we use daily.

Organic Chemistry Fundamentals

Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds, with a few notable exceptions:

Carbon's unique ability to form up to four stable covalent bonds makes it the backbone of organic chemistry. This property enables the formation of complex molecules essential for life, including:

Classification of Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are classified into three main groups:

1. Alkanes

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula $C_nH_{2n+2}$. Key characteristics include:

Properties:

The combustion of alkanes follows the general equation: $C_nH_{2n+2} + \frac{3n+1}{2}O_2 \rightarrow nCO_2 + (n+1)H_2O$

2. Alkenes

Alkenes contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) and follow the formula $C_nH_{2n}$. Their structure features:

Properties:

3. Alkynes

Alkynes contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (C≡C) and follow the formula $C_nH_{2n-2}$. Their structure features:

Properties:

Structural Effects on Properties