Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) stands as a fundamental analytical method in modern chemistry, offering precise measurements of metal ion concentrations in various samples. This technique has revolutionized metal analysis across multiple industries and research fields.

Core Principles

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy operates on a simple yet powerful principle: free metal atoms absorb electromagnetic radiation at specific wavelengths. This absorption follows Beer's Law, which is expressed mathematically as:

$$A = \varepsilon cl = \log_{10}\left(\frac{I_0}{I}\right)$$

Where:

Key Components of an AAS System

1. Atomizer (Nebulizer)

The atomizer converts liquid samples containing metal compounds into free gaseous atoms. This crucial step can be accomplished through:

2. Radiation Source

A hollow-cathode lamp serves as the primary radiation source, emitting specific wavelengths characteristic of the metal being analyzed. Each metal requires its own lamp or a multi-element lamp designed for that specific metal.

3. Monochromator

This component isolates the desired wavelength from the radiation source, ensuring that only the relevant wavelength reaches the detector. This specificity enables:

Advantages and Applications

Sensitivity

Specificity

Each metal absorbs radiation at characteristic wavelengths, allowing for:

Common Applications

Standard Curve Analysis

For quantitative measurements, AAS requires calibration using standard solutions: