Introduction

Meiosis produces new genotype combinations that shape the inheritance of traits in populations. Through mechanisms such as independent assortment and crossing over, each generation emerges with fresh genetic mixes. These processes influence how traits are passed down and determine the genetic landscape of future populations.

Inheritance Patterns

Different patterns of inheritance—autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, incomplete dominance, codominance, and sex-linked traits—can all be traced back to the assortment and segregation of alleles during meiosis. The distribution of alleles into gametes, followed by fertilisation, yields offspring with combinations that may resemble their parents, show intermediate forms, or even exhibit completely new phenotypes.

Common inheritance patterns include:

Sex-linked inheritance adds another layer of complexity, with traits often appearing differently in males and females due to genes located on sex chromosomes.

Practical Implications

Knowledge of inheritance patterns supports genetic counselling, helping individuals and families anticipate the likelihood of passing on certain traits or conditions. In agriculture, breeders rely on understanding these patterns to develop improved varieties of plants and animals with desirable characteristics such as higher yield, disease resistance, or better nutritional value.

Over time, the reshuffling of alleles and the resulting variation in genotypes contribute to the diversity within a species. This diversity can influence how populations respond to environmental changes and ensure their long-term survival.